20 points
What is the difference between an enveloped and non-enveloped
virus?

Concept Map: 1. Electrical Stimulation: The electrical stimulation generated by the sinoatrial node (SA node) or an artificial pacemaker causes ion channels in the cardiac pacemaker cell to open, allowing for the flow of ions into and out of the cell.

Electrical stimulation (ES) is a form of treatment that utilizes a low-level electrical current to stimulate nerve endings in order to decrease pain, increase muscle strength and improve circulation. Electrical stimulation works by delivering a low-level electrical current to the target area of the body.  

2. Action Potential: The action potential is generated when positively charged ions, such as sodium and calcium, enter the cell and cause the membrane potential to become depolarised.

3. Repolarisation: Potassium ions then leave the cell and cause the membrane potential to become repolarised.

4. Conduction Pathway: The action potential then travels along the conduction pathway, which includes the atrioventricular node (AV node), bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.

5. Contraction: When the action potential reaches the contractile cells, calcium ions enter the cells, causing the cells to contract.

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Answer:

The correct answer is: none of these mineral groups contain silicon.

Explanation:

The only minerals that contain silicon are the Silicates, for example, SiO2 (silica).

Halides are minerals that consist of a combination of elements from the seventh group that can form salts (like fluorine or chlorine), with other elements such as calcium and sodium. For example: NaCl (sodium chloride).

Carbonates are compounds that contain carbon and oxygen, for example, CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite).

Sulfides consist of sulfur with another element. For example: ZnS (zinc sulfide).

The bag that at the start of the experiment held a solution isotonic to the 0.6 M solution is represented by line C in the graph.

There won't be any net water inflow or outflow if a cell is immersed in an isotonic solution, and the volume of the cell will remain constant. If the concentration of solutes within and outside the cell are equal and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, the solution is isotonic to the cell.

Isotonic solutions led to lower urine production even at maintenance rate than hypotonic solutions, which were linked to hyperchloraemia and were marked by reduced aldosterone concentrations indicating (unintentional) volume expansion.

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Answer:

3. Behavioral adaptation

Explanation:

The environment is what helps everything live, which means that its behavior changes according to it's surroundings, such as a bear hibernating in the winter, that is its behavior because it is cold, and food is very hard to find, unlike in the summer and spring where food is everywhere, so the only choice the bear has is to collect as much food as it can before winter comes in.

Answer: Sodium sulphate

Explanation: Sodium sulphate is not an example of sublimate substance. Sublimation is the process in which there is a change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into a liquid state.

Answer:

Desublimation is a phase transition in which a gas changes directly to a solid without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.

It is an exothermic phase change that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance’s triple point in its phase diagram.

Desublimation is also called deposition.

Desublimation is caused by a drastic loss in thermal energy from the surrounding gas due to the presence of a much cooler surface.

For example, frost formation occurs on window surfaces during the winter seasons.

This window is at a much cooler temperature, this makes the water vapor in the surrounding air to lose enough thermal energy and change directly into solid which we see as frost during winter.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

a

Explanation:

The method of reproduction in honeybee colonies, known as swarming or colony division, has several advantages for the colony; Increase in colony size, Genetic diversity, and reproduction.

Swarming allows the honeybee colony to increase its population and overall size. When a colony becomes overcrowded, the queen and a portion of the worker bees leave the original hive to form a new colony, taking with them the resources needed to establish a new colony.

Swarming helps in promoting genetic diversity within honeybee colonies. When a colony swarms, the original queen leaves with a group of workers, and a new queen is raised in the original hive from eggs laid by the existing workers.

Swarming is a natural means of colony reproduction, allowing honeybee colonies to reproduce and potentially establish new colonies in different locations. This increases the chances of survival and reproduction of the honeybee colony as a whole, as it can establish new colonies in favorable locations with ample resources.

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Mendel had to prohibit self-pollination since he was only interested in the progeny of two distinct parent plants. The blooms of some of the plants used in his tests had their anthers removed.

After that, he manually pollinated them using pollen from other parent plants of his choosing. He removed a flower's male components, which contain the pollen, and then pollinated the remaining female parts with pollen from another plant.

In order to stop flowers from self-pollinating, they are "emasculated," or have their anthers removed.

Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from one species of plant reproduces another species of plant. A hybrid is the term used to describe the offspring produced by such a cross.

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The correct links for the definitions and their characteristics including sex chromosomes and reproduction is:

Sex chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual. XY genotype in the organism results in X chromosomes carrying recessive characteristics being expressed

Haploid refers to a cell or organism that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Homozygous refers to an organism that possesses identical alleles of a particular gene. Phenotype refers to the observable traits or characteristics of an organism, which are determined by the interaction of genes with the environment.

Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that have the same number and pattern of genes, although they may have different alleles.

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Answer:

c

Explanation:

its c i took the test

The true statement on Mark and Nancy's measurements is D. Both sets of measurements are equally accurate and precise.

The closeness of a measurement to its exact value is known as accuracy, while the degree of reproducibility or repeatability pertains to precision. Mark and Nancy's measurements closely mirrored the fundamental value of 15.1 cm; however, Mark deviated slightly below while Nancy stood above it.

Their sets of measurements are similar in this regard, thus rendering them equally accurate. Notably, their range of values displays a counterpart pattern with Mark's readings differing by just 0.1 cm and that of Nancy ranging from 0.1-0.2 cm. Hence, both sets share a similar level of precisions too.

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This is a problem in the field of ecology.

The problem of quagga mussels in the lake is an ecological issue that requires scientific assessment and management.

It falls under the discipline of ecology, which studies the relationships between organisms and their environment.

Ecologists investigate the impacts of invasive species on the ecosystem and devise strategies to control their spread and minimize their effects.

In this case, scientists will need to examine the size of the quagga mussel population, their distribution, and their ecological interactions with native species.

They will also need to recommend measures to prevent further introduction of quagga mussels and to manage their population growth, such as using chemical treatments or biological controls.

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Answer:

domain are further broken down into kingdom

Explanation:

A domain is a taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which are the major categories of life. ... A kingdom is a taxonomic group that contains one or more phyla.

Answer:

Bacteria convert nutrients and toxins into forms unavailable to the plant. Some bacteria are involved with the transitions of nutrients and make nutrients such as nitrogen.

Answer:

Binary fission is a process in which a single cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. This process affects the offspring in two ways. First, the offspring will be genetically identical to the parent cell, meaning the offspring will have the same genetic characteristics as the parent. Second, since the offspring are created from the same cell, they have the same genetic information and will be able to survive and reproduce in the same environment as the parent.

Explanation:

Answer:

Host Susceptibility

Resistance to bacterial infections is enhanced by phagocytic cells and an intact immune system. Initial resistance is due to nonspecific mechanisms. Specific immunity develops over time. Susceptibility to some infections is higher in the very young and the very old and in immunosuppressed patients.

Bacterial Infectivity

Bacterial infectivity results from a disturbance in the balance between bacterial virulence and host resistance. The “objective” of bacteria is to multiply rather than to cause disease; it is in the best interest of the bacteria not to kill the host.

Host Resistance

Numerous physical and chemical attributes of the host protect against bacterial infection. These defenses include the antibacterial factors in secretions covering mucosal surfaces and rapid rate of replacement of skin and mucosal epithelial cells. Once the surface of the body is penetrated, bacteria encounter an environment virtually devoid of free iron needed for growth, which requires many of them to scavenge for this essential element. Bacteria invading tissues encounter phagocytic cells that recognize them as foreign, and through a complex signaling mechanism involving interleukins, eicosanoids, and complement, mediate an inflammatory response in which many lymphoid cells participate.

Genetic and Molecular Basis for Virulence

Bacterial virulence factors may be encoded on chromosomal, plasmid, transposon, or temperate bacteriophage DNA; virulence factor genes on transposons or temperate bacteriophage DNA may integrate into the bacterial chromosome.

Host-mediated Pathogenesis

In certain infections (e.g., tuberculosis), tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins.

Intracellular Growth

Some bacteria (e.g., Rickettsia species) can grow only within eukaryotic cells, whereas others (e.g., Salmonella species) invade cells but do not require them for growth. Most pathogenic bacteria multiply in tissue fluids and not in host cells.

Virulence Factors

Virulence factors help bacteria to (1) invade the host, (2) cause disease, and (3) evade host defenses. The following are types of virulence factors:

Adherence Factors: Many pathogenic bacteria colonize mucosal sites by using pili (fimbriae) to adhere to cells.

Invasion Factors: Surface components that allow the bacterium to invade host cells can be encoded on plasmids, but more often are on the chromosome.

Capsules: Many bacteria are surrounded by capsules that protect them from opsonization and phagocytosis.

Endotoxins: The lipopolysaccharide endotoxins on Gram-negative bacteria cause fever, changes in blood pressure, inflammation, lethal shock, and many other toxic events.

Exotoxins: Exotoxins include several types of protein toxins and enzymes produced and/or secreted from pathogenic bacteria. Major categories include cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins.

Siderophores: Siderophores are iron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron, which is bound to hemoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin.

Explanation:

Answer: A section of the DNA code, called a gene, codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule that plays a particular function in the body. The sequence of the nucleotides in the gene determines the sequence of the amino acids in the protein, which in turn determines the structure and function of the protein. The genes also control the development, growth, and maintenance of the body by regulating the expression of other genes and proteins.

Explanation:

Answer:

Answer is A

Explanation:

If you know about the energy pyramid, you would know that producers are at the bottom. Abiotic factors are factors that are non-living. Some examples are water, rocks, and the sun. Plants use energy from the sun to make food. Since the sun is an abiotic factor, it would make more sense that producers get their energy SOLELY FROM AN ABIOTIC FACTOR ( THE SUN ).

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This male rabbit is mated with a female rabbit that does not have the bioluminescence gene. The offspring resulting from this mating won't have such trait.

This is referred to as the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

The probability of rabbit offspring inheriting bioluminescence would decrease . This is because rabbits with this trait would not survive to reproduce more glowing rabbits and natural selection helps with this because glowing rabbits are more likely to be seen by predators than non-glowing rabbits .

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In this case, the two species have coevolved by modifying behavioral traits (moths) and physiological traits (bats).

Coevolution is a particular type of evolution where a selective pressure imposed by one species serves to generate an adaptive change in another species and vice-versa.

Coevolution is fundamental in predator-prey relationships and leads to the emergence of new traits that are selected by natural selection.

In conclusion, the two species above have coevolved by modifying behavioral traits (moths) and physiological traits (bats).

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Answer:

option B.

Explanation:

women have two of them

Answer:

ok hollup ima need to get it up

The graph showing the same amount of activity is at 47 degrees, as at this temperature the enzyme has most of its affinity. An enzyme is a type of protein that catalyzes or speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Enzymes are essential for many biochemical processes in the body, including metabolism, digestion, and DNA replication. Without enzymes, these processes would occur too slowly to sustain life. Enzymes (protein in nature most of the time) have a specific three-dimensional structure that allows them to bind to specific molecules, called substrates, in a process known as enzyme-substrate recognition.

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He will be less likely to contract an STI.

Option B is the correct answer.

STI stands for sexual transmitted infection.  A sexually transmitted infection (sexually transmitted disease) is a serious condition that can develop after you have sex.

So if Nasir is 12 years old, and if his caregivers talk with him openly about sexuality, he will be well informed about dangers of premature sex and sexually transmitted disease.

Thus, he will be less likely to contract an STI.

The wrong choices in the given options are;

He will soon come out as gay.

He will have sex by age 13.

He will marry by age 18.

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The given statement "During the light reactions, ATP is produced by chemiosmosis through an electron transport chain" is true.

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP through a process called chemiosmosis. In this process, an electron transport chain (ETC) is established across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. As electrons pass through the ETC, protons are pumped from the stroma into the thylakoid space, creating a proton gradient.

This process is essential for the production of ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell, and is used in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell division, DNA replication, and protein synthesis. The light reactions of photosynthesis are a crucial step in the process of photosynthesis and provide the energy needed for the Calvin cycle, which converts CO2 into organic compounds.

Therefore, the given statement is true.

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The common element between a carbohydrate, protein, and lipid is Carbon. Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid are components of many living organisms.

ANSWER: A. Carbon