By preventing contracture, the airplane splint can help to ensure that the patient has a successful recovery and can return to their daily activities with minimal pain and limited mobility in wrist.
An airplane splint is a type of orthopedic splint used to immobilize a limb in a particular position. This splint is commonly used in the treatment of burns, fractures, and other orthopedic injuries. When a burn occurs, there is a risk of contracture, which is the shortening of muscles and tendons that leads to limited mobility of the affected joint. Contracture can occur anywhere in the body, but it is most commonly seen in the wrist, elbow, and knee. In the case of a burn affecting the wrist, an airplane splint would be applied to prevent contracture. The splint would immobilize the wrist in a neutral position, which means that the wrist is not bent in any direction. This position ensures that the muscles and tendons in the wrist do not shorten, and allows the joint to maintain its full range of motion.
To know more about splint refer to
https://brainly.com/question/16490112
#SPJ11
An airplane splint applied following a burn would most likely be used to avoid a contracture affecting the d. wrist.
What is an airplane splint?
An airplane splint is a type of orthopedic splint that is commonly used in the treatment of burns to prevent contractures. In this case, the splint would be applied to the wrist to prevent the development of a contracture, which is a permanent tightening of the muscles, tendons, and other tissues that can occur after a burn.
The use of the splint is an important part of the overall treatment plan for burn patients to help maintain mobility and prevent complications. An airplane splint is an orthopedic treatment used to maintain the shoulder in a slightly abducted position, preventing the development of contractures and ensuring proper healing. The splint helps in keeping the joint mobile and avoids stiffness due to burn injuries.
To know more about Splints, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30268560
#SPJ11
RBCs could not oxidize FAs. Why?
Red blood cells (RBCs) lack mitochondria, which are the primary site of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in most cells. Therefore, RBCs do not have the necessary machinery to oxidize fatty acids.
Why are RBCs lacking mitochondria?Mitochondria are responsible for beta-oxidation, the process by which fatty acids are broken down to generate energy in the form of ATP. Without mitochondria, RBCs cannot perform beta-oxidation, and thus, they cannot oxidize fatty acids.
Instead, RBCs primarily rely on glycolysis to generate ATP, which is the breakdown of glucose to generate energy. RBCs also contain some enzymes that can generate NADPH through the pentose phosphate pathway, which is important for the maintenance of the redox state of the cell and the reduction of oxidized glutathione.
Find out more on RBC here: https://brainly.com/question/87588
#SPJ1
when does a fetus have a heartbeat and brain activity
The fetus has a heartbeat and brain activity by the end of the seventh week and the initiation of the eighth week of pregnancy.
What do you mean by Fetus?A Fetus may be defined as an unborn baby which grows inside the uterus of the female. It mostly develops 5-6 weeks after the successful conception.
The brain cells are started to form after five-week of conception. The electrical impulse will start working after the eighth week of pregnancy, the first synapse at the seventh week, and organ development after the tenth week of pregnancy.
Therefore, the fetus has a heartbeat and brain activity by the end of the seventh week and the initiation of the eighth week of pregnancy.
To learn more about Fetus, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/26087722
#SPJ4
Mary is trying to lose weight and realizes that if she reduces her calorie intake by only 200 calories per day below her energy needs, she will lose about ____ pounds in one year.
Mary will lose approx 14-15 pounds in a year if she consumes 200 calories. The daily dietary intake which is ideal depends on many factors such as age, metabolism, height, and the level of physical activity. The calorie intake is different for men, women, and children. The ideal intake for men is 2500 calories whereas for 2000 calories.
The calorie intake is calculated by the body mass index. BMI is total body mass in kilograms divided by the height of the person in feet. There is a chart available for the calculation to help in categorization.
Learn more about body mass index, here
https://brainly.com/question/10694067
#SPJ1
How can you tell whether a fat contains primarily saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
a. All plant oils are unsaturated because they are liquid at room temperature.
b. Solid fats that melt at a high temperature are unsaturated.
c. Oils that remain liquid at room temperature are primarily unsaturated.
d. Beef fat is considered unsaturated because cattle eat only plant foods.
e. all fat that is solid at low temperatures is unsaturated.
Heat the fat until it liquefies, then use a gas chromatograph to separate the fatty acids. This is the simplest method for accomplishing this (GC).
What distinguishes a fat as being saturated or unsaturated? Heat the fat until it liquefies, then use a gas chromatograph to separate the fatty acids. This is the simplest method for accomplishing this (GC).At the carbon-carbon double bond, saturated fatty acids will have a distinctive double-bonded carbon atom, whereas unsaturated fatty acids won't.A saturated fat.It is solid when left at room temperature.It can be present in full-fat dairy products, such as yogurt and cheese, as well as high-fat meats like butter and lard.Unsaturated fatAt normal room temperature, this is usually liquid.You can find it in fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.The largest number of hydrogen atoms are found in saturated fats, but there are less hydrogen bonds than the maximum amount at each double bond in unsaturated fats.To learn more about fatty acids refer
https://brainly.com/question/17352723
#SPJ4
The best way to tell whether a fat contains primarily saturated or unsaturated fatty acids is to look at the physical properties of the fat. Solid fats that melt at a high temperature are unsaturated, while oils that remain liquid at room temperature are primarily unsaturated.
What is fatty acids?Fatty acids are organic compounds that are made up of a carboxylic acid group attached to a hydrocarbon chain. They are found naturally occurring in plant and animal fats, oils, and waxes, and are important components of biological membranes. Fatty acids are essential for the production of energy and for the proper functioning of all cells and organs. In humans, fatty acids are used to make hormones and regulate many bodily processes. They are also important for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and the synthesis of lipids.
Fats that are solid at low temperatures are saturated. For example, beef fat is considered saturated because it is solid at low temperatures.
To learn more about fatty acids
https://brainly.com/question/26557153
#SPJ4
This use of drugs do not cure or treat the disease but improves a person's quality of life.
A) Health maintenance
B) Contraceptive
C) Palliative
D) Treatment
E) Prevention
The use of drugs that do not cure or treat the disease but improve a person's quality of life is referred to as "Palliative" care.
Palliative care focuses on providing relief from symptoms, pain, and stress associated with a serious illness or condition. Its primary goal is to improve the patient's quality of life, rather than directly targeting the underlying disease or condition.
Palliative care may involve the use of medications to alleviate symptoms, manage pain, improve comfort, and address psychological and emotional well-being. It is often provided alongside curative or disease-focused treatments, aiming to enhance overall well-being and support individuals and their families throughout the course of an illness.
Know more about "Palliative" here
https://brainly.com/question/2041698#
#SPJ11
Jaffer is having trouble sleeping and visits the doctor for an assessment. In the process of testing Jaffer, the doctor finds something that leads her to look more closely at the gland that secretes melatonin and helps control sleep cycles. Which gland is the doctor likely testing?
The doctor is likely testing the pineal gland, which is responsible for the secretion of melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
Discuss the physiology of the respiratory system, and explain the process of ventilation. (Be Specific)\
Physiology of the respiratory system is a follows:-
As a person inhales, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward. The space left in the chest allows the lungs to expand. Muscles in the ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity, pulling the rib cage upward and outward.Once the lungs expand, air moves in through the nose and mouth.The air travels down the trachea and into the lungs, allowing a person to breathe.The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs before exhalation. When a person exhales, the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs recoil, and the air moves out of the lungs.Ventilation is commonly referred to as breathing.
It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during expiration.The air moves through the passages because of pressure gradients that are produced by contraction of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles.Individual alveoli have variable degrees of ventilation and perfusion in different regions of the lungs.To know more about respiration here
https://brainly.com/question/12605249
#SPJ3
explain the procedure for a patient with an indeterminate hiv western blot result
When a patient receives an indeterminate HIV Western blot result, it means that the test did not clearly indicate a positive or negative result.
In such cases, further steps are usually taken to confirm the HIV status of the patient. Here is the general procedure that may be followed:
Repeat Testing: The first step is to repeat the Western blot test. This is done to ensure the accuracy of the initial result and to see if it can be resolved as either positive or negative.
Additional Testing: If the repeat Western blot test also yields an indeterminate result, additional tests may be performed to provide further information. These tests may include other HIV-specific antibody tests, such as an HIV-1/HIV-2 differentiation assay or an HIV RNA test. These tests can help differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2, detect viral genetic material, or measure the amount of virus in the blood.
Clinical Evaluation: Alongside the laboratory tests, a comprehensive clinical evaluation is conducted. This includes reviewing the patient's medical history, assessing risk factors for HIV infection, and considering any signs or symptoms that may be indicative of HIV. The healthcare provider may also evaluate the patient for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) commonly associated with HIV.
Counseling and Support: Throughout the process, it is crucial to provide counseling and support to the patient. An indeterminate result can be emotionally challenging, and the patient may have concerns or questions. Counseling helps address these concerns and provides information on the next steps, potential implications, and available resources.
Follow-up Testing: Depending on the clinical evaluation and additional test results, the healthcare provider may recommend periodic follow-up testing to monitor the patient's HIV status. This helps track any changes in the test results and provides ongoing support and care.
It's important to note that the specific procedure may vary based on the healthcare facility, guidelines, and individual patient circumstances. Consulting with a healthcare provider or an HIV specialist is essential to determine the most appropriate course of action for a patient with an indeterminate HIV Western blot result.
To learn more about HIV, Click here:
https://brainly.com/question/31765366
#SPJ11
a patient who wrote a living will has changed his mind about the initiation of life-sustaining measures. Which statement is true about this
he cannot change his mind regarding the content of the living will
he can only change the content if he is of sound mind
a healthcare provider is exempt from liability if they provide care outside the living will
an attorney must be consulted if the living will is changed at any time
Answer:
he can only change the content if he is of sound mind.
Explanation:
The correct statement is: he can only change the content if he is of sound mind.
A living will is a legal document that outlines an individual's healthcare preferences in the event they become incapacitated and unable to make decisions. The document typically specifies whether the individual wants life-sustaining measures to be used to prolong their life in case of a terminal illness or injury.
If the patient who wrote the living will changes their mind about the initiation of life-sustaining measures, they can revoke or modify the living will as long as they are of sound mind. They must communicate their new wishes to their healthcare provider and make the changes in writing.
Healthcare providers must follow the patient's current wishes, whether they are expressed in the living will or through other means of communication. Failure to do so can result in liability for the healthcare provider.
Consulting an attorney is not necessarily required to change a living will, but it may be advisable in some cases to ensure that the document is legally valid and enforceable.
The statement that is true about a patient who wrote a living will and has changed his mind about the initiation of life-sustaining measures is:
He can only change the content if he is of sound mind:A living will is a legal document that outlines a person's wishes regarding medical treatment if they become unable to make decisions for themselves. If a patient changes his mind about the contents of the living will, he can only do so if he is of sound mind and able to make decisions for himself at the time of the change.
The other statements are not true:
He can change his mind about the content of the living will if he is of sound mind.Healthcare providers may still be liable if they provide care outside the living will without proper justification and explanation to the patient or their family.An attorney does not necessarily have to be consulted if the living will is changed, but it is recommended to ensure that the legal requirements for changing the document are met.Aaron, a healthcare worker, washed his hands, gave a patient a needle injection, and then disposed of the needle in a sharps container. Which best describes the error Aaron made in following standard precautions?
A. He should have placed the needle in the biohazards bin.
B. He should have put gloves on before working with the needle.
C. He should have contacted the CDC to report the use of a needle.
D. He should have checked the MSDS before disposing of the needle.
Answer: the answer is B
Sandra is getting her prescription filled by Joshua, the pharmacy technician. He asks her is she is taking any other medications. She tells him she takes a herbal supplement. Which BEST describes what Joshua should do to help the customer?
a. have Sandra talk to the pharmacist to ensure there are no interactions between the supplement and prescription
b. fill Sandra's prescription since herbal medication does not interact with prescription drugs
c. deny Sandra's prescription and send her back to her doctor for a different prescription
d. tell Sandra to immediately stop taking the supplement so she can start the prescription
Answer:
a. Have Sandra talk to the pharmacist to ensure there are no interactions between the supplement and prescription
can behavior be considered sexual harassment if someone doesn't intend to be offensive, but another person takes offense
Answer: Sexual Harassment of a student interferes with a
student’s right to receive an education free from
discrimination.
Sexual harassment is unwelcome conduct of a sexual
nature.
Sexual Harassment Can Be In the Form of:
Verbal Harassment
Non-Verbal Harassment
Physical Harassment
Explanation: •Federal law Title IX of the Education Amendments
of 1972 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex,
including sexual harassment in education
programs and activities.
what’s the potential role of inflammation in atherosclerosis progression?
Answer:
Explanation:
Inflammation plays a very important role in atherosclerosis progression, due to the fact that it separates and identifies the stage of the plaque. Stable plaques are characterized by a chronic inflammatory infiltrate, while on the other hand vulnerable and ruptured plaques are represented by an ongoing inflammation which causes the fibrous cap to thin out and may lead to that plaque rupturing.
which assessment would the nurse perform while caring for an infant with a tentative diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
1. quality of the cry
2. signs of dehydration
3. coughing up of feedings
4. characteristics of stool
The nurse would assess for signs of dehydration, coughing up of feedings, and characteristics of stool while caring for an infant with a tentative diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
These are all common symptoms associated with this condition, and monitoring them closely can help with early identification and treatment. Additionally, the quality of the cry may also be assessed as a general indicator of the infant's overall comfort and well-being.
When caring for an infant with a tentative diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, the nurse would perform the assessment of:
2. signs of dehydration
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can cause vomiting and lead to dehydration, so it is important for the nurse to assess for signs of dehydration in the infant.
Visit here to learn more about hypertrophic pyloric stenosis:
brainly.com/question/29313196
#SPJ11
what type of more advanced career can be pursued after becoming established in nursing career?
Answer:
Acute Care Nurse.
Burn Unit Nurse.
Camp Nurse.
Certified Nurse Assistant.
Community Nurse.
Critical Care Nurse.
Cruise Ship Nurse.
Dermatology Nurse Practitioner.
You are setting up a sterile tray and have already applied your sterile gloves before you realize you forgot to place the suture package on the tray. You have several options. What are they, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
Physical
means that you have more than enough
to complete
tasks. Someone physically fit has a
risk of
problems including
and
disease.
Physical means that you have more than enough to complete tasks. Someone physically fit has a risk of problems including disease but is comparatively less.
Physical fitness is described by experts as "one's capacity to carry out everyday activities with maximum efficiency, strength, and endurance while managing the illness, exhaustion, and stress and reducing sedentary behavior." This goes beyond just being able to sprint fast or lift a lot of weight.
Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit and healthy.
Someone who is physically fit with a good state of physical well being and mental well being have the risk of diseases but those are comparatively less because the person has good immune system.
To know more about physical fitness visit the link:
https://brainly.com/question/14338730?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ1
Complete the sentence.
Medication administration technology uses
to dispense the right medication to the right patient.
Answer:
Medicare is a government national health insurance program in the United States, begun in 1965 under the Social Security Administration (SSA) and now administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). It primarily provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older, but also for some younger people with disability status as determined by the SSA, including people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease)
what nontherapeutic communication styles did the nurse use in this scenario? what therapeutic communication styles could the nurse have used instead? in your response, speak directly to the client.
In this scenario, the nurse used nontherapeutic communication styles such as providing advice, judging, and making assumptions about the client.
Therapeutic communication styles that the nurse could have used instead include active listening, open-ended questions, and demonstrating understanding and empathy.
For example, instead of providing advice, the nurse could have asked the client open-ended questions such as, "How would you like to handle this situation?"
"What do you think would be the best course of action in this situation?" By demonstrating understanding and empathy, the nurse could have said something like, "I understand how difficult this must be for you."
To know more about communication styles click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/13601476#
#SPJ11
the nurse is giving a report to an assistive personnel (ap) who will be caring for a client who has hand restraints (safety devices). the nurse instructs the ap to check the skin integrity of the restrained hands how frequently?
Every 30 minutes, the nurse instructs the assistant to check the skin integrity of the restrained hands. The registered nurse should also check the neurovascular system of the extremity every 30 minutes.
What is the definition of skin integrity?The health of your skin is referred to as its integrity. The skin performs numerous vital functions when it is in good health. It aids in the maintenance of your body's optimal core temperature, aids in the absorption and processing of vitamin D from the sun, and keeps you hydrated besides supporting electrolyte balance, among other things.
How do you keep a patient's skin healthy?The following are some methods for promoting and preserving skin integrity: Moisturize dry skin at least twice a day to maximize lipid barriers. Bathing in hot water will result in dry, cracked skin. Use a moisture lotion or barrier to protect the skin as directed.
To know more about skin integrity visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29219129
#SPJ4
Because elderly individuals need similar amounts of nutrients as their younger counterparts but less calories, they should focus on the diet plan that emphasizes
A) protein
B) nutrient density
C) phytochemicals
D) beta carotene
The correct answer is B) nutrient density.
As elderly individuals typically require similar amounts of essential nutrients (such as protein, vitamins, and minerals) as younger individuals, but have lower caloric needs due to reduced physical activity and metabolic rate, it's important for them to focus on the quality of their diet to ensure adequate nutrient intake without excessive caloric intake. This is where nutrient density comes into play.
Nutrient density refers to the amount of essential nutrients (such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants) in a food in relation to its caloric content. Foods that are high in nutrient density provide a higher amount of essential nutrients per calorie, making them ideal for elderly individuals who need to optimize their nutrient intake while minimizing excessive calorie intake.
Options A) protein, C) phytochemicals, and D) beta carotene are important nutrients that can be part of a healthy diet for elderly individuals, but nutrient density encompasses a wider range of essential nutrients. Therefore, option B) nutrient density is the most appropriate choice for a diet plan that emphasizes the quality of nutrients in relation to calorie intake for elderly individuals.
Nutrient density is the diet plan that elderly individuals should focus on because it emphasizes getting adequate nutrients while consuming fewer calories.
Elderly people need about the same amount of nutrients as younger ones, but often need fewer calories because their metabolisms are slower and they are less active. Therefore, it is crucial for children to eat meals that are high in nutrients and offer the required vitamins, minerals, and other key nutrients without having too many calories. Whole fruits and vegetables, lean meats, low-fat dairy products, and whole grains are examples of nutrient-dense foods.
It is possible for elderly people to achieve their nutritional needs without ingesting too many calories by emphasizing nutrient density in the diet. While protein, phytochemicals, and beta carotene are all crucial parts of a balanced diet, senior people who must balance their nutrient consumption with their caloric intake should place the greatest emphasis on nutrient density.
To know more about the nutrient density refer here :
https://brainly.com/question/18891496#
#SPJ11
Which disorder requires treatment with oral fluconazole (Diflucan) or an intravaginal azole preparation
Vaginal candidiasis disorder requires treatment with oral fluconazole (Diflucan) or an intravaginal azole preparation.
Any type of Candida can cause the fungal infection known as candidiasis (a type of yeast). Some cultures refer to it as thrush when it affects the mouth. White patches on the tongue or in other parts of the mouth and throat are one of the symptoms. Soreness and swallowing issues could be additional symptoms. It may be referred to as a yeast infection or thrush when it affects the vagina. Burning, itching, and, in a few rare cases, a white, "cottage cheese-like" discharge from the vaginal are some of the symptoms of this illness. Less frequently occurring and frequently accompanied by an itchy rash are yeast infections. Rarely do yeast infections spread and become invasive in other areas of the body.
The complete question is:
Which disorder requires treatment with oral fluconazole (Diflucan) or an intravaginal azole preparation?
A. Endometriosis
B. Bacterial vaginosis
C. Trichomoniasis
D. Vaginal candidiasis
To learn more about candidiasis click on the given link: https://brainly.com/question/7803562
#SPJ4
Vaginal candidiasis disorder requires treatment with oral fluconazole (Diflucan) or an intravaginal azole preparation.
Vaginitis is one of the major disease in woman at child bearing age were women seek medical care. This includes heavy vaginal discharge common in the growing age of the woman. Vaginitis is associated with infection and atrophic changes. Common infectious forms of vaginitis may include bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis.
In general, patients having vaginitis go thorough examination that includes cervix examination, pH check, wet-mount and potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations for the bacterial culture that is to be checked.
The complete question is:
Which disorder requires treatment with oral fluconazole (Diflucan) or an intravaginal azole preparation?
A. Endometriosis
B. Bacterial vaginosis
C. Trichomoniasis
D. Vaginal candidiasis
To learn more about candidiasis click on the given link,
brainly.com/question/7803562
#SPJ4
A nursing assistant is being called for assistance by a patient who speaks very little English. Because the nursing
assistant has a difficult time understanding the patient, the nursing assistant ignores the patient's call, figuring that
someone else will tend to the patient instead. Which ethical principle is the nursing assistant neglecting?
fidelity
beneficence
nonmaleficence
autonomy
Interstitial fluid (IF) is ________.
Group of answer choices
a)the fluid in the cytosol of the cells
b)none of the above
c)the fluid component of blood
d)the fluid between the cell membranes
43
Answer:
b)
Explanation:
Interstitial fluid is the body fluid between blood vessels and cells, containing nutrients from capillaries by diffusion and holding waste products discharged out by cells due to metabolism.
a patient with hyperntension receives a prescription for lisinopril. which mechanism of action would the nurse expect from this medication?
In a patient with hypertension prescribed lisinopril, the nurse would expect the medication to work through its mechanism of action as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
This means that lisinopril helps to relax blood vessels by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. As a result, blood pressure is reduced, making it easier for the heart to pump blood and improving overall cardiovascular function.
Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, which means it works by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure. By blocking this conversion, lisinopril causes vasodilation and decreases blood pressure, making it an effective medication for treating hypertension. The nurse would expect lisinopril to lower the patient's blood pressure by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
To know more about lisinopril click here:
https://brainly.com/question/30636629
#SPJ11
Which mineral assists in building and maintaining healthy bones, teeth, and nervous system?
Potassium
Iron
Sodium
Calcium
Answer:
Calcium is a mineral that makes our bones and teeth strong. It helps us grow into adults with strong bones and also helps our muscles and nerves to work properly.
Explanation:
calcium make bones go brrrr
Answer:
calcium
Explanation:
drink your milk!
Battery Wholesaler produces 5,200 batteries. Of those batteries produced, 8 percent are defective. How many batteries are defective? 40 416 650 41,600
Answer:
416Explanation:
Bc i say so
What is diagnosis for patient with asymptomatic irregular flat patches on dorsum of the tongue with red centers and an irregular white periphery?
Answer:
geographic tongue (erythema migrans)
Explanation:
I hope this helps! If it does could you please mark me brainliest.
Which of the following vital signs would be abnormally elevated, or increased, in a resting adult patient?Select one:A. Body temperature 97 FB. Pulse 110/minuteC. BP 110/80D. Respiration rate 12/minute
Body temprature 97 F is vital signs would be abnormally elevated, or increased, in a resting adult patient.
The amount of heat in the body is measured by its temperature. Healthy adults typically have body temperatures around 98.6°F (37°C), however this varies a little bit from person to person and during the day. A temperature reading that is higher than this range is regarded as elevated or increased and may signify an infection or underlying sickness. The significance of keeping an eye on body temperature comes from the fact that it is one of the most essential indicators of one's health and can give valuable information on the operation of one's body's metabolic processes.
To know more about body temperature, click here,
brainly.com/question/6835965
#SPJ4
Medical ethics involves rules that are __________, rather than __________.